Ø LAHORE RESOLUTION - 1940
Reasons for it being passed:
>Congress
rule was tyrannical for Muslims
>Iqbal and Chaudri Rehmat Ali gave idea of separate Homeland in early
1930s, Jinnah agreed to it only after Congress Rule.
>Muslims knew that Independence had to be achieved before the British left India
CRIPPS MISSION – 1942
Why it was unsuccessful:
>Cripps mission suggested that Dominion status be given to India,
Congress wanted immediate power transfer
>It suggested that Individual Provinces be allowed to opt out, but
this would lead to Pakistan creation/Muslim Majority, so Congress opposed it.
>Jinnah
still rejected it since he wanted a clear cut reference to Pakistan’s creation.
It’s Importance to Pakistan’s creation:
>Suggested that Individual provinces could opt out, thus SOME
reference to Pakistan Movement was present
>Jinnah rejected it since he desired clear cut reference to Pakistan,
shows determination of Jinnah and clear cut goals
>Congress demand of immediate independence alarmed League, Since no Pakistan if British were not there to conduct partition before leaving.
QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT - 1942
Why started:
>Congress was aware that British were going to leave India, exploited
British post WW2 weakness.
>Cripps Mission stated that individual provinces could opt out,
alarmed them since this meant >British were considering Partition
>Japan was threatening British, this meant possible Indian invasion.
If British left, threat of invasion would finish.
Why Unsuccessful:
>Main
Leaders, Gandhi and Nehru were arrested. No guidance
>British used Aerial Bombing and Machine Guns, against QIM
supporters, 1000’s thus died. >Jinnah didn’t approve, since he knew no
Pakistan if Independence without British being there to Partition
Importance:
>Congress started QIM to get general Independence and stop creation
of Pakistan, alarming >Jinnah who quickened pace for Pakistan creation
>Due to QIM leaders being arrested, League gained a huge advantage
which it exploited to gain strength
>Jinnah declared the QIM as blackmail, declaring it an attempt to take advantage of weak British condition. Jinnah supported British (important for Pakistan)
GANDHI JINNAH TALKS – 1944
Why it was unsuccessful
>Gandhi wanted subjects like Defence and Foreign Affairs to be under
control of central government. Jinnah wanted this in provinces
>Gandhi
wanted Congress and League to work for general Indpendance first
>Gandhi rejected the two nation theory, believed that all Indians
were one nation, but this was basis for Pakistan Movement
>Gandhi said that of 6 declared provinces, only 3 could be made part
of Pakistan since they were >Muslim majority, Punjab, Bengal and Assam
should be communally divided as they were partially Muslim. Jinnah said no,
since this would mean financially weak Pakistan
Why successful:
…..(last
point of unsuccessful) pleased Jinnah since this should that Indians had
realized that
>Partition
might happen
>Gandhi
said that Jinnah and Congress should work for general Independence first
>Jinnah handled these intelligently, didn’t compromise Muslim Muslim
Rights. His standing thus improved
SIMLA CONFERENCE – 1945
Unsuccessful:
>Congress wanted to nominate at least one Muslim member in executive council,
rejected by >Jinnah since League wanted to be sole representation of Muslims
in India.
>Jinnah dissatisfied with parity of seats between Muslims and Hindus
since Sikh and low Caste members would side with Hindus, leading to permanent
Muslim minority.
Importance:
>Jinnah handled it intelligently, didn’t compromise Muslim rights. Thus image improved among
>Muslims and support of Pakistan movement increased (can be seen in 1945-46 elections)
>Deadlock between League and Congress over nomination of seats led to Wavell realizing
>Partition would
be necessary
ELECTIONS OF 1945 – 1946
Why Muslim League was so successful:
>Congress Rule was tyrannical and League
promised rights, so Muslims voted for the League. >League learnt from 1937
elections and thus improved planning, organization and campaigned efficiently.
Thus more Muslims knew of the league.
>Muslim League had passed the Lahore Resolution and started working
for separate homeland, >Muslims voted as they wanted to avoid Hindu
domination
>League lost 1937 elections due to image problem, which they worked
on by working hard in the 1940’s by working har for Muslim rights.
Importance of these Elections:
>Hindus voted for Congress/Independence, Muslims voted for
League/Pakistan creation. Thus British realized that they were separate
communities. Thus paved way for Pakistan
>After winning the 1946 elections, League became a stronger party
with complete Muslim support, thus demands for separate homelands could not be
ignored.
CABINET MISSION PLAN – 1946
Why was the Cabinet Mission Plan Unsuccessful?
>It stated that India would be divided into 3 parts, (Two Muslim
majority, one large Indian Majority) with full provincial autonomy and right to
form own constitution. Jinnah immediately accepted as Muslim rights protected,
but Nehru stated in a press conference this they were not bound to keep it once
the British left, Jinnah thus immediately rejected the plan. >Was not able
to close the gap between Muslims & Hindus (i.e Partition vs United)
Suggested an All India Commission to decide outcome (Partition, or
United India). Rejected by both Congress and League since both feared that the outcome
would go against their demands.
Importance of Cabinet Mission Plan
>Cabinet Mission negotiated with parties, found that they had different aims, thus unsuccessful since bridge between two undividable and partition would be necessary. (First point of Unsuccessfulness)
>In 1946 Jinnah feared the British might leave
India without partition thus called for a large peaceful demonstration of
Muslim feelings. Many Muslims celebrated, and made it clear that Pakistan
formation demand was democratic and could not be ignored.
>Hindu – Muslim clashes in Calcutta during this day, resulted in 4000
people losing their lives, British realized that these two communities could
not live together peacefully.
3rd JUNE PLAN
A new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten was sent to India in 1947 to negotiate
with local political parties regarding the future of India. Jinnah was adamant
with his demand of Pakistan and the Viceroy was forced to accept. In the 3rd June Plan, the viceroy announced
that India would be divided into two states, i.e India and Pakistan. Jinnah’s
efforts therefore bore fruit and this plan made the creation of Pakistan
official.
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