NEHRU REPORT 1928
>Suggested stronger center with limited provincial Autonomy, relations down since Muslims
interested in provincial autonomy
>Hindu
as national Language
>Muslims shouldn’t be given extra seats in the council
Importance
to Pakistan movement:
>Same
points as above, with reference to Hindu - Muslim estrangement.
FOURTEEN POINTS OF JINNAH
Why produced?
>Tried
to amend the Nehru report… resulted in a “Parting of the Ways”
>Response to Nehru Report, DEADLOCK since Muslims = No Nehru Report, Congress = No 14 points
>Nehru Report’s Anti Muslim countered
>Jinnah knew British were going to introduce Reforms, so informed them of Muslim demands
SIMON COMISSION – 1927
Reasons for it being sent
>Growth of Communalism in India and Hindu-Muslim riots. Sent to
negotiate and restore peace between two parties
>Montford
Report 1919 promised reforms after 10 years
>British Conservative Government feared losing against Labor party
ALLAHABAD
ADDRESS - 1930
Importance to Pakistan Movement:
>Iqbal gave Idea of Muslim Homeland, Strenthened TwoNationTheory
>Nehru report was anti Muslim, Iqbal gave clear cut goal in its opposition
>He was source of Inspiration for future Muslim
Leaders, accepted by Jinnah in 1940 resolution Iqbal’s poetry tried to awaken
Indian Muslims
ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES – 1930 TO 1932
>Muslim criticized Simon Commission Report (No extra seats, no Sindh
from Bombay separation)
>Deadlock between League and Congress, Nehru report and 14 points
>Previous Reforms rejected by Indians because no Indian Opinion Taken
Reasons for 1st RTC being unsuccessful
>Congress
refused to attend because reforms were not guaranteed
Why they were important for the Muslims of India
>1st RTC, British agreed on provincial autonomy (14 points demand) (helped
Muslim in Muslim majority areas)
>2nd RTC: British agreed to make Sindh and NWFP separate provinces (good for
Muslims) >3rd RTC Gandhi took a hard line, rejected 14 points. Gulf between two
communities widened
Reasons for 2nd R.T.C. being unsuccessful
>1931 Labor Party lost power, new coalition govt less likely to give
reforms >Gandhi took a hardline and refused minority rights
>Gandhi
wanted Nehru Report in Constitution, Muslims wanted 14 points. Disagreement
Reasons for 3rd RTC being unsuccessful
>Lord Irwin replaced with Lord Willington who was less willing to
make reforms, less Indian thus wanted to come. Only 46 delegates came.
>Congress restarted Non Co-operation movement and leaders Gandhi and
Nehru arrested. Thus >Congress leaders didn’t attend
> Jinnah went to voluntary exile after 2nd RTC because disappointed, thus
not invited and did not attend.
Successes:
>Parliamentery form of govt introduced in which Indians were given
representation, meant that they could negotiate with British for reforms
^Also meant that British were planning to leave India since they
transferred a lot of power to Indians
>No
Diarchy, Provincial Autonomy instead so Muslims approved .
>NWFP, Sindh made into separate provinces, Muslims happy since Muslim
majority areas and political strength increased
^Helped
draw boundaries for eventual Pakistan
>Number
of voters increased to 25%
^These
voted in 1946-45 elections and achieved Independence
Failures:
>Diarchy reintroduced at Central level, so Viceroy could still make, amend laws.
>Despite Provincial Autonomy, British province Governer could intervene “For safety”
>Still many Indians could not vote
1937 ELECTIONS
>First major elections contested by League, lacked organization and
planning because no experience
>Muslim League had an image problems, leaders seen as “Aristocrats
and Landlords” poor and illiterate didn’t sense any empathy thus did not vote.
>Muslim League still had not passed the Lahore Resolution, majority
of Muslims did not know >League’s aims. Thus voted for congress because senior
and experienced party and same aim
Reasons for why it was so hated by the Indians and Muslims:
>Hindu
made official language, Muslims could not read, write this, so unemployment
>Bande Matram asked to expel Muslims and was nationalistic Indian
song, became like national song
>Warda Scheme was introduced, picture of Gandhi, cotton weaving.
>Congress banned Cow slaughter, Muslims oppressed if they slaughtered cows.
>Disturbances to Muslim Life: Azaan banned, Pigs pushed into mosques.
>Anti Muslim riots, Muslim property, houses burned. Complaints ignored
>Widdiya Mander scheme, Hindu temple as education centers, Hindu
heroes were taught to Muslim Children
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